A Polish-Jewish pediatrician, educator, writer, and social activist. Janusz Korczak was his pen name, and he was also known as "Stary Doktór" (Old Doctor). A pioneer in advocating education based on respect for the child's personality and rights, he directed the Jewish orphanage "Dom Sierot" (Orphans' Home) in Warsaw starting in 1912. He implemented a unique educational practice emphasizing self-governance and self-determination for children, and was also active as a children's book author. During World War II, he remained in the Warsaw Ghetto; during the 1942 mass deportations, he refused opportunities to escape and was sent to the Treblinka extermination camp alongside the children and staff of the orphanage. He is internationally renowned for his protection and education of children during the Holocaust and for refusing to abandon them to the end.

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