Etty Hillesum

Etty Hillesum

Etty Hillesum

A Dutch Jewish writer and diarist. Under the Nazi German occupation of the Netherlands during World War II, she recorded the persecution of Jews as well as her own spiritual and religious development in her diaries and letters. She studied law and Russian at the University of Amsterdam, earning her law degree in 1939. She began keeping a diary in 1941, deeply reflecting on her inner self and faith under the influence of the Jungian psychotherapist Julius Spier. In 1942, after working for the Jewish Council in Amsterdam, she voluntarily went to work in the social welfare department for deportees at the Westerbork transit camp. Refusing opportunities to go into hiding, she chose to share the fate of her fellow Jews and was deported to Auschwitz with her family in September 1943. She was killed on November 30 of the same year at the age of 29. After her death, her diaries and letters were published and are esteemed as significant literary works recording spiritual resistance, faith, and humanity during the Holocaust.

Timeline

Category
Element
Year Etty Hillesum
1914
Birth of Etty Hillesum (Period: January 15, 1914, Location: Middelburg (Netherlands))
Birth in Middelburg (Period: January 15, 1914, Location: Middelburg, Netherlands)
1924
Relocation to Deventer (Etty Hillesum, Age: 9 years old, Period: 1924, Location: Deventer, Netherlands)
1932
Start of University Life in Amsterdam (Age: 17 years old, Period: 1932, Location: Amsterdam, Netherlands)
1939
World War II (Age: 24 years old, Period: 1939–1945, Location: UK, France, North Africa, Mediterranean, Atlantic, etc.)
1940
German Occupation of the Netherlands (Age: 26 years old, Period: May 1940, Location: Netherlands)
1941
Spiritual and Romantic Relationship with Spier (Age: 26 years old, Period: 1941–1942, Location: Amsterdam, Netherlands)
Meeting Julius Spier (Age: 27 years old, Period: February – March 1941, Location: Amsterdam, Netherlands)
Beginning of Writing Her Diary (Age: 27 years old, Period: Around March 9, 1941, Location: Amsterdam, Netherlands)
1942
Relief Activities at Westerbork (Age: 27 years old, Period: 1942–1943, Location: Westerbork Transit Camp, Netherlands)
Refusal to Go into Hiding (Age: 27 years old, Period: 1942–1943, Location: Amsterdam, Netherlands)
Work at the Jewish Council (Age: 28 years old, Period: Around July – August 1942, Location: Amsterdam, Netherlands)
Activities at Westerbork Transit Camp (Age: 28 years old, Period: August 1942 – June 1943, Location: Westerbork Transit Camp, Netherlands)
Death of Julius Spier (Age: 28 years old, Period: September 15, 1942, Location: Amsterdam, Netherlands)
1943
Detention of the Hillesum Family at Westerbork Camp (Age: 29 years old, Period: June – September 1943, Location: Westerbork Transit Camp, Netherlands)
Deportation from Westerbork to Auschwitz (Age: 29 years old, Period: September 7, 1943, Location: From Westerbork Transit Camp to Auschwitz-Birkenau Concentration Camp)
Deportation to Auschwitz (Age: 29 years old, Period: September 7, 1943, Location: From Westerbork, Netherlands to Auschwitz, Occupied Poland)
Death of Etty Hillesum (Age: 29 years old, Period: November 30, 1943)
Murder at Auschwitz (Age: 29 years old, Period: November 30, 1943, Location: Auschwitz-Birkenau Concentration Camp, Occupied Poland)
1981
Posthumous Publication of Diaries and Letters (Age: 37 years after death, Period: 1981 onwards, Location: Various Countries Centered on the Netherlands)
Unknown
Marriage (Etty Hillesum, None, Period: Not Married, Location: Not Applicable)

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