An Austrian nuclear physicist who later acquired Swedish citizenship. She researched radioactivity and nuclear physics, contributing to the discovery of protactinium through her research with Otto Hahn and others. In 1938, alongside her nephew Otto Robert Frisch, she provided the theoretical interpretation and physical explanation of nuclear fission based on experimental results obtained by Otto Hahn and Fritz Strassmann. In 1926, she became the first woman in Germany to be appointed full professor of physics. Stripped of her position due to Nazi anti-Semitic policies, she fled Germany in 1938 and went into exile in Sweden. Despite her crucial contributions to the discovery and explanation of nuclear fission, the 1944 Nobel Prize in Chemistry was awarded solely to her collaborator Otto Hahn. During World War II, she refused to work on the development of the atomic bomb, and after the war, she advocated for the peaceful use of nuclear energy.

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