Macmillan and the Winds of Change

Harold Macmillan

A British Conservative politician, publisher, and military officer. During World War II, he was a close confidant of Winston Churchill and was involved in the prosecution of the war in North Africa and the Mediterranean. In the post-war period, he held various senior cabinet positions including Minister of Housing, Minister of Defence, Foreign Secretary, and Chancellor of the Exchequer. He served as Prime Minister of the United Kingdom from 1957 to 1963, where he pursued post-war economic growth and the welfare state while advancing defense policy adapted to the nuclear age, African decolonization, and the rebuilding of Anglo-American relations. In 1963, he worked diligently toward the conclusion of the Partial Nuclear Test Ban Treaty and also moved closer to European integration. He is widely regarded as one of the defining British politicians of the post-war era, deeply involved in both World War II and the Cold War.

Timeline

Category
Element

Year	Harold Macmillan
1894	Birth of Harold Macmillan (Period: February 10, 1894, Location: London, England)
1914	World War I (Age: 19 years old, Period: 1914–1918, Location: French Western Front) Military service in World War I (Age: 19 years old, Period: 1914–1918, Location: French Western Front)
1916	Wound at the Battle of the Somme (Age: 22 years old, Period: September 1916, Location: Somme region, France)
1920	Marriage (Harold Macmillan, Lady Dorothy Cavendish, Age: 26 years old, Period: April 21, 1920, Location: London, England, St Margaret's, Westminster)
1924	First election to Parliament (Age: 29 years old, Period: 1924, Location: Stockton-on-Tees, England)
1930	Opposition to appeasement (Age: 35 years old, Period: 1930s, Location: London, England)
1939	World War II (Age: 44 years old, Period: 1939–1945, Location: Britain, North Africa, Mediterranean region, etc.)
1940	Appointment as Parliamentary Secretary to the Ministry of Supply (Age: 45 years old, Period: 1940–1942, Location: London, England)
1942	Appointment as Minister of State for Northern Africa and the Mediterranean (Age: 47 years old, Period: 1942–1945, Location: North Africa, Italy, Mediterranean region)
1951	Mass housing construction as Minister of Housing (Age: 56 years old, Period: 1951–1954, Location: Various locations in the United Kingdom)
1955	Appointment as Foreign Secretary (Age: 60 years old, Period: 1955, Location: London, England)
1956	Suez Crisis (Age: 62 years old, Period: 1956, Location: Around the Suez Canal, Egypt, London)
1957	Appointment as Prime Minister (Age: 62 years old, Period: January 1957, Location: London, England) Nuclear weapons policy and strengthening of Anglo-American nuclear cooperation (Age: 62 years old, Period: 1957–1963, Location: Britain, USA)
1959	Victory in the 1959 general election (Age: 65 years old, Period: October 1959, Location: All of Britain)
1960	Establishment of the European Free Trade Association (Age: 65 years old, Period: 1960, Location: Stockholm, etc.) Wind of Change speech (Age: 65 years old, Period: February 3, 1960, Location: Cape Town, South Africa)
1961	Application for membership in the European Economic Community (Age: 66 years old, Period: 1961, Location: Britain, France, Brussels, etc.)
1962	Skybolt Crisis (Age: 67 years old, Period: 1962–1963, Location: Britain, Washington, D.C., USA, etc.) Vassall affair (Age: 67 years old, Period: 1962–1963, Location: London, England)
1963	Indonesian-Malaysian confrontation (Age: 68 years old, Period: 1963–1966, Location: Malaysia, Borneo, Malaya, around Indonesia) Profumo affair (Age: 68 years old, Period: 1963, Location: London, England) Partial Nuclear Test Ban Treaty (Age: 69 years old, Period: August 1963, Location: Moscow, London, Washington, D.C.)
1976	Resignation as Prime Minister (Age: 82 years old, Period: October 1963, Location: London, United Kingdom)
1986	Death of Harold Macmillan (Age: 92 years old, Period: December 29, 1986 (aged 92))

Map

Category
Element

Europe World

Group	List
NATO	Winston Churchill Charles de Gaulle Harold Macmillan Ernest Bevin Konrad Adenauer Paul-Henri Spaak Pierre Mendès France Margaret Thatcher Helmut Schmidt
British Conservative Party	Anthony Eden Winston Churchill Harold Macmillan Alec Douglas-Home Edward Heath Margaret Thatcher John Major
British Labour Party	Clement Attlee Harold Wilson James Callaghan Michael Foot Neil Kinnock
Culture and Thought	Francis Bacon Jean-Paul Sartre Simone de Beauvoir Albert Camus Hannah Arendt George Orwell Arthur Koestler Umberto Eco Italo Calvino Jean-Philippe Arthur Dubuffet
Science and Technology	John Cockcroft Francis Crick James Watson Dennis Gabor Dorothy Hodgkin Tim Berners-Lee Paul Flory

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Macmillan and the Winds of Change

Harold Macmillan

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